Vocabulary - Słownictwo

Pronouns 1 : Singular - Zaimki 1: Liczba pojedyncza

First let’s focus on the singular pronouns.

*Ono means it, but it is barely used at all. Most sentences in neuter gender would be using To (this/these)

Nouns - Rzeczowniki

When searching a noun in the dictionary, you might want to know the gender of the word, in order to use inflections for the noun itself or adjectives tied to the noun correctly. When looking it up in a dictionary, you might see the following words for indicating the gender (rodzaj):

Nominative - Mianownik

Now let’s revise the lessons vocabulary:

	In Polish Po polsku	In English Po angielsku
♂	Mężczyzna	Man
♀	Kobieta	Woman
♂	Chłopiec	Boy (little boy, child)
♀	Dziewczynka	Girl (little girl, child)
♂	Chleb	Bread
♀	Woda	Water
⚲	Jabłko	Apple
⚲	Mleko	Milk

Verbs - Czasowniki

Present tense - Czas Teraźniejszy

In polish, verbs are conjugated, changing for each pronoun. This means the subject could be implied and it’s not necessary to write it most of the time if context is enough. In duolingo, the verbs are conjugated already, but it’s hard to look for them in the dictionary without knowing their un-conjugated form (bezokolicznik). It’s easy to search it from English, however: I just write “to be”, “to eat”, etc. On Google Translate, and then I get the dictionary form. From there, it is easy to look it up in a dictionary and see all the verb’s conjugations. This lesson had three verbs.

Basic grammar 1 - Podstawowa gramatyka 1

Present tense - Czas teraźniejszy

Present tense in polish can represent both simple present and gerund present in English:

Dziewczynka je jabłko	The girl eats an apple.
Dziewczynka je jabłko	The girl is eating an apple.

There’s also no articles like a, the, an, etc. So as long as it is singular, it’s an apple, and if the sentence is in plural, it’s several apples.

Grammatical cases - Odmiana przypadek

In polish, nouns are inflected depending on the case they are being applied to in a sentence. If you want to search for the cases of a word in a dictionary, you should look to the table labeled: Odmiana przypadek. For now, we use these three basic cases:

Nominative Case - Mianownik

https://mowicpopolsku.com/polish-grammar/cases/nominative/ The nominative case (mianownik) is the case that all the words are in the dictionary. One could say it's their "default" form, from which they are then modified for other declensions. For now the simplest rule for nominative is, does it answer the following questions?

Co to jest?	What is it?
Kto to jest?	Who is it?

For example - Na przykład

To jest jabłko	This is an apple.
To jest chleb	This is bread.
To jest dziewczynka	This is a girl.
To jest chłopiec	This is a boy.

The phrase “To jest” means “This is”, and everything that has “To jest” and a single noun or adjective, will be in nominative.

Accusative Case - Biernik

https://mowicpopolsku.com/polish-grammar/cases/accusative/ The direct object - what is being affected by the verb? For female nouns, most of them follow this rule: Ends with a, Changes into ę a → ę

Woda:	Piję wodę	I drink water
Herbata:	Lubię herbatę	I like tea

For masculine nouns, there’s no particular rule, but they can change into their genitive (dopełniacz) form or stay in their nominative (mianownik) forms.

Chłopiec:	Widzą chłopca	I see a boy
Chleb:	Jem chleb	I eat bread.

For neuter nouns, there’s no change, they stay in nominative (mianownik) form.

Mleko:	Dziewczynka pije mleko	The girl drinks milk.
Jabłko:	Chłopiec je jabłko	The boy is eating an apple.

Instrumental Case - Narzędnik

https://mowicpopolsku.com/polish-grammar/cases/instrumental/ Something is defined as being something else. For both masculine personal and femenine, if it ends with a, it changes into ą a → ą

Mężczyzna :	On jest mężczyzną	He is a man.
Kobieta:	Jestem kobietą	I’m a woman.
Dziewczynka:	Ona jest dziewczynką	She is a girl.

For masculine, if it has ie diphthong at the final syllable, the ie is deleted and em is added to the end ie → em Chłopiec: On jest chłopcem - He is a boy.