This lesson focuses on object pronouns. That is, we answer what the verb of the sentence directly affects or acts on. Instead of using a noun, we use a pronoun. For example:

Kocham tego psa	I love this dog
Kocham cię	I love you

Both of these examples are in the accusative case, except one uses a pronoun and the other does not. Technically, in Polish all that happens is that the original pronouns we all know by now (ja, ty, on, ona, ono, my, wy, oni, one) get their declensions in accusative or genitive. While there are many cases for these pronouns and you can see a more detailed table in the reference below, this lesson focuses on accusative or genitive. You can see more at: https://www.clozemaster.com/blog/polish-personal-pronouns/ For now let's see the ones for this lesson:

Accusative and Genitive Pronouns

Now, the English translation stays the same because we are only seeing genitive cases in the form of negative sentences. Remember, the negative of accusative sentences is always in genitive. You can see in my table I included "to". It's not a pronoun, but we're gonna use it frequently and in this lesson too. For example:

Lubię to	I like it (accusative)
Nie lubię tego	I do not like it (Genitive because of negative)
Ona tego nie słyszy	She doesn’t hear this

Normal and Emphatic forms

Here we can notice some of the pronouns have two forms. Purple indicates emphatic forms, and orange indicates the normal forms. They are also called the long and short forms. They are used in different contexts and honestly, this lesson is not so clear on when to use them, but we can get a feeling of a few rules just by the usage. Now what is this about emphatic and normal forms? It’s better to see an example:

Kocham cię	I love you
Też cię kocham	I love you too
-
Ona ciebie kocha!	She loves you!
Nie słyszę cię!	I can’t hear you! (I don’t hear you!)
-
Czy to jego ryba?	Is it his fish? (possessive, not emphatic)
Kochasz go	You love him
Nie znają go	They don’t know him
Kocham ciebie, nie jego!	I love you, not him!

In this lesson we can see from observation that cię is usually at the end of sentences, unless in response like też cię kocham. What indeed could be the rule hidden here? Ciebie is used in the middle of sentences instead, or to emphasize even in other places. However, if we go back to the reference material I pointed out earlier, we can find out more: https://www.clozemaster.com/blog/polish-personal-pronouns/ In most cases you should use the normal, short form, with a few exceptions. You should use the long, emphatic form when:

1. When a pronoun follows a preposition (We haven’t seen these in lessons)
2. When a pronoun is used at the beginning of a clause.

Ciebie nie zapraszałam - I didn’t invite you (example from the website, because I still don’t know if it works with other verbs)

3. When a pronoun is stressed for emphasis or clarification.

Kocham ciebie, nie jego!

I love you, not him!

This sentence makes more sense if you say it in your head dramatically, emphasizing the pronouns to make a point. Although jego can also be used for possession as in a previous example.

Accusative and Genitive differences

Only two pronouns are different in accusative and in genitive: her and non-masculine them. So we can think, if it’s 3rd person and the subject involves at least one woman, it’s different in accusative and genitive. Let’s see some examples:

Ona lubi ją	She likes her
Nie kochamy jej	We don’t love her
Ten kot jej nie lubi	This cat doesn’t like her
Ten kot ją lubi	This cat likes her
	(Ją is accusative Jej is genitive)
Widzisz ich?	Do you see them? (male group, or group with at least one male)
Nie widzę ich?	I don't see them (non-male group)
Ta kobieta je lubi	This woman likes them (femenine nouns and children groups)

Word order

In this lesson, we find that the word order of pronouns is not the same as in English, and that there’s a bit of confusion amongst the comments. The word order can dictate emphasis of the subjects, but it’s also mainly just getting used to how Polish sounds. In general we avoid putting a pronoun at the end of a sentence if there’s somewhere else to put it. We also avoid negating the pronouns, instead negating the verbs. To gain some feeling of how the order goes, let’s do some practice examples: We can see a few patterns. These are all my personal observations, not grammar rules, but I hope they can help.

Kochasz mnie?	Do you love me?
On mnie nie słyszy	He doesn’t hear me
Tamten koń nas nie zna	That horse doesn’t know us
Ten pies nas nie lubi	This dog does not like us
-
Ten pies nas lubi	This dog likes us
	Let’s see what happens if we change the order
Ten pies lubi nas	This dog likes us
	(emphasis from word order, as in, the dog likes us, but doesn’t like others)
-
Oni was nie lubią	They don’t like you
Nie znamy was	We don’t know you
Czy ja was znam?	Do I know you?

We can see that the pronoun always goes behind the verb, and that the negation always comes in between them. The only case is when the sentence is basically a verb and a pronoun, in which case the pronoun does go to the end.